Relação entre depressão, nível de BNP e comprometimento ventricular na insuficiência cardíaca / Relationship between depression, BNP levels and ventricular impairment in heart failure / Relación entre depresión, nivel de bnp y compromiso ventricular en la insuficiencia cardíaca

FUNDAMENTO: A depressão é uma comorbidade frequente na insuficiência cardíaca (IC), mas os mecanismos relacionados a pior evolução de pacientes deprimidos com IC ainda não estão esclarecidos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o papel da depressão grave na evolução dos pacientes com IC descompensada. MÉTODOS: Estudamos consecutivamente 43 pacientes com IC avançada e FE < 40,0 por cento, hospitalizados para compensação cardíaca. Os pacientes, após história e exame físico, foram submetidos a exames laboratoriais, incluindo a dosagem de BNP. Após o diagnóstico de depressão, aplicou-se a escala de Hamilton-D. Depressão grave foi definida por escore igual ou maior que 18. As variáveis clínico-laboratoriais, segundo a presença ou não de depressão grave, foram analisadas pela regressão logística. A curva ROC definiu o ponto de corte para o BNP. RESULTADOS: Depressão grave ou muito grave foi identificada em 24 (55,8 por cento) pacientes. Os pacientes deprimidos graves não diferiram dos não deprimidos quanto à idade, sexo e função renal, mas apresentaram menor comprometimento cardíaco (FE 23,4 ± 7,2 por cento vs 19,5 ± 5,2 por cento; p = 0,046) e valores mais elevados do BNP (2.582,8 ± 1.596,6 pg/ml vs 1.206,6 ± 587,0 pg/ml; p < 0,001). Entretanto, os pacientes com BNP maior que 1.100 pg/ml tiveram 12,0 (odds ratio [IC 95 por cento] = 2,61 - 55,26) vezes mais chance de desenvolverem quadros de depressão grave. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes com depressão grave apresentaram maior grau de estimulação neuro-hormonal, apesar do grau de disfunção ventricular ser menor. As alterações fisiopatológicas relacionadas à depressão, aumentando a estimulação neuro-hormonal e as citocinas, provavelmente contribuíram para essa maior manifestação clínica, mesmo em presença de menor dano cardíaco.

BACKGROUND: Depression is a common comorbidity in heart failure (HF); however, the mechanisms related to a poorer outcome of depressed patients with HF remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of severe depression in the outcome of patients with decompensated HF. METHODS: A total of 43 patients with advanced HF, EF < 40.0 percent, and hospitalized for cardiac compensation were consecutively studied. After history taking and physical examination, the patients underwent laboratory tests including BNP determination. After the diagnosis of depression was made, the Hamilton-D scale was applied. Severe depression was defined by a score equal to or greater than 18. The clinical and laboratory variables according to the presence or absence of severe depression were analyzed using logistic regression. The ROC curve defined the cut-off point for BNP. RESULTS: Severe or very severe depression was identified in 24 (55.8 percent) patients. Severely depressed patients did not differ from non-depressed patients as regards age, gender and renal function, but showed less cardiac impairment (EF 23.4 ± 7.2 percent vs 19.5 ± 5.2 percent; p = 0.046) and higher BNP levels (2,582.8 ± 1,596.6 pg/ml vs 1,206.6 ± 587.0 pg/ml; p < 0.001). However, patients with BNP levels higher than 1,100 pg/ml had a 12.0-fold higher chance (odds ratio [95 percent CI] = 2.61 - 55.26) of developing severe depression. CONCLUSION: Patients with severe depression showed a higher degree of neurohormonal stimulation despite their lower degree of ventricular dysfunction. The pathophysiological changes related to depression, leading to increased neurohormonal stimulation and cytokines, probably contributed to this more intense clinical manifestation even in the presence of less cardiac damage.

FUNDAMENTO: La depresión es una comorbilidad frecuente en la insuficiencia cardíaca (IC), pero los mecanismos relacionados a peor evolución de pacientes deprimidos con IC aun no están aclarados. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el papel de la depresión grave en la evolución de los pacientes con IC descompensada. MÉTODOS: Estudiamos consecutivamente 43 pacientes con IC avanzada y FE < 40,0 por ciento, hospitalizados para compensación cardíaca. Los pacientes, después de historia y examen físico, fueron sometidos a exámenes de laboratorio, incluyendo el dosaje de BNP. Después del diagnóstico de depresión, se aplicó la escala de Hamilton-D. Depresión grave fue definida por escore igual o mayor que 18. Las variables clínicas-de laboratorio, según la presencia o no de depresión grave, fueron analizadas por la regresión logística. La curva ROC definió el punto de corte para el BNP. RESULTADOS: Depresión grave o muy grave fue identificada en 24 (55,8 por ciento) pacientes. Los pacientes deprimidos graves no difirieron de los no deprimidos en cuanto a la edad, sexo y función renal, pero presentaron menor compromiso cardíaco (FE 23,4 ± 7,2 por ciento vs. 19,5 ± 5,2 por ciento; p = 0,046) y valores más elevados del BNP (2.582,8 ± 1.596,6 pg/ml vs. 1.206,6 ± 587,0 pg/ml; p < 0,001). Mientras tanto, los pacientes con BNP mayor que 1.100 pg/ml tuvieron 12,0 (odds ratio [IC 95 por ciento] = 2,61 - 55,26) veces más chance de desarrollar cuadros de depresión grave. CONCLUSÍON: Los pacientes con depresión grave presentaron mayor grado de estimulación neurohormonal, a pesar del grado de disfunción ventricular ser menor. Las alteraciones fisiopatológicas relacionadas a la depresión, aumentando la estimulación neurohormonal y las citocinas, probablemente contribuyeron a esa mayor manifestación clínica, aun en presencia de menor daño cardíaco.

Relationship between depression, BNP levels and ventricular impairment in heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Depression is a common comorbidity in heart failure (HF); however, the mechanisms related to a poorer outcome of depressed patients with HF remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of severe depression in the outcome of patients with decompensated HF. METHODS: A total of 43 patients with advanced HF, EF < 40.0%, and hospitalized for cardiac compensation were consecutively studied. After history taking and physical examination, the patients underwent laboratory tests including BNP determination. After the diagnosis of depression was made, the Hamilton-D scale was applied. Severe depression was defined by a score equal to or greater than 18. The clinical and laboratory variables according to the presence or absence of severe depression were analyzed using logistic regression. The ROC curve defined the cut-off point for BNP. RESULTS: Severe or very severe depression was identified in 24 (55.8%) patients. Severely depressed patients did not differ from non-depressed patients as regards age, gender and renal function, but showed less cardiac impairment (EF 23.4 ± 7.2% vs 19.5 ± 5.2%; p = 0.046) and higher BNP levels (2,582.8 ± 1,596.6 pg/ml vs 1,206.6 ± 587.0 pg/ml; p < 0.001). However, patients with BNP levels higher than 1,100 pg/ml had a 12.0-fold higher chance (odds ratio [95% CI] = 2.61 - 55.26) of developing severe depression. CONCLUSION: Patients with severe depression showed a higher degree of neurohormonal stimulation despite their lower degree of ventricular dysfunction. The pathophysiological changes related to depression, leading to increased neurohormonal stimulation and cytokines, probably contributed to this more intense clinical manifestation even in the presence of less cardiac damage.

Serial measure of cardiac troponin T levels for prediction of clinical events in decompensated heart failure.

BACKGROUND: This study determined whether serial determinations of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) in decompensated heart failure (HF) are predictive of clinical events (death, need for readmission for new episode of HF decompensation, or both) during 1 year of follow-up. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sixty-two patients with decompensated HF were enrolled in this cohort. The first measurement of cTnT (cTnT1) was from a blood sample drawn within 4 days of hospital admission; the second measurement (cTnT2) was on blood obtained 7 days later. Forty-nine clinical events (16 deaths, 10 readmissions, 23 combined readmission and deaths) occurred during the follow-up. The independent predictors of clinical events were: cTnT1>.020 ng/mL (P<.050), cTnT2>.020 ng/mL (P<.050), and serum sodium<135 mEq/L (P<.050). Based on levels of cTnT1 and cTnT2>.020 ng/mL (+) or .020 ng/mL) are predictive of higher rates of death and hospital readmission for decompensated HF.